GPT-5.4 (Reasoning, Low)

openai/gpt-5.4

GPT-5.4 (Reasoning, Low)

via OpenRouter

Release Date

Mar 5th, 2026

Context Size

Reasoning

Yes

Benchmark Cost

$12.23

Speed

53.8 tok/s

Subcategories

Bad Writing Habits

Detects common prose quality anti-patterns in AI-generated creative writing, including passive voice, past progressive overuse, weak dialogue tags, filter words, purple prose, cliches, AI-ism words/adverbs/names, and more.

Scenario	#1	#2	#3	#4	#5	Total
Detailed Writing Rules
Fantasy: entering an ancient ruin Creative Writing Hallucination	93	92	91	86	83	89%
Horror: alone in an eerie place at night Creative Writing Hallucination	92	92	91	89	86	90%
Literary fiction: old friends reunite Creative Writing Hallucination	90	89	88	87	85	88%
Mystery: examining a crime scene Creative Writing Hallucination	95	94	93	93	92	93%
Romance: separated couple reunites Creative Writing Hallucination	95	94	93	91	90	92%
Thriller: chase through city streets Creative Writing Hallucination	93	93	92	90	89	91%
Detailed Writing Rules						90.63%
genre
Fantasy: entering an ancient ruin Creative Writing Hallucination	88	87	86	85	85	86%
Horror: alone in an eerie place at night Creative Writing Hallucination	90	89	86	85	82	86%
Literary fiction: old friends reunite Creative Writing Hallucination	92	91	88	87	86	89%
Mystery: examining a crime scene Creative Writing Hallucination	93	93	92	89	85	91%
Romance: separated couple reunites Creative Writing Hallucination	92	91	91	90	88	90%
Thriller: chase through city streets Creative Writing Hallucination	94	94	92	88	86	91%
genre						88.92%
Novelcrafter Default Prompt
Fantasy: entering an ancient ruin Creative Writing Hallucination	91	91	90	89	88	90%
Horror: alone in an eerie place at night Creative Writing Hallucination	93	91	90	89	89	90%
Literary fiction: old friends reunite Creative Writing Hallucination	89	87	86	86	85	86%
Mystery: examining a crime scene Creative Writing Hallucination	92	90	89	88	87	89%
Romance: separated couple reunites Creative Writing Hallucination	91	90	90	90	89	90%
Thriller: chase through city streets Creative Writing Hallucination	96	94	91	91	91	93%
Novelcrafter Default Prompt						89.79%
89.78%

Codex Extraction

Evaluates a model's ability to extract structured codex entries (characters, locations, objects, lore) from prose passages and return them as well-formed XML.

Scenario	#1	#2	#3	#4	#5	Total
Long: The Spire of Echoes (Dense) Tooling Reasoning	97	97	97	96	91	95%
Medium: The Hollow (Inferred) Tooling Reasoning	96	96	95	93	92	95%
Medium: Through the Thornveil (Scattered) Tooling Reasoning	99	98	98	97	97	98%
Short: The Rusty Lantern (Explicit) Tooling Reasoning	94	93	93	93	93	93%
95.21%

Codex Red Herring (False Positive Detection)

Tests whether models correctly report "no violations" when a codex is fully consistent with the prose passage. Models that hallucinate false violations (false positives) fail. Uses a 2×2 matrix of text length × codex size, with bare and detailed-entry variants.

Scenario	#1	#2	#3	#4	#5	#6	#7	#8	#9	#10	Total
basic entries
Long text (~1594 words), big codex (51 entries) Hallucination	100	100	100	25	17	17	17	17	17	17	43%
Long text (~1594 words), small codex (11 entries) Hallucination	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Short text (~524 words), big codex (51 entries) Hallucination	100	25	25	25	17	17	17	17	17	17	27%
Short text (~524 words), small codex (11 entries) Hallucination	100	100	100	100	100	25	25	25	17	17	61%
basic entries											57.71%
detailed entries
Long text (~1594 words), big codex (51 detailed entries) Hallucination	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	17	92%
Long text (~1594 words), small codex (11 detailed entries) Hallucination	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Short text (~524 words), big codex (51 detailed entries) Hallucination	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	25	93%
Short text (~524 words), small codex (11 detailed entries) Hallucination	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
detailed entries											96.04%
76.88%

Codex Violation Detection

Detects factual inconsistencies between a story bible and prose passages. The model must output structured XML identifying each violation with paragraph number and substring.

Scenario	#1	#2	#3	#4	#5	#6	#7	#8	#9	#10	Total
matrix
Large codex (40 entries), long passage (1,019 words) Tooling Reasoning	96	96	96	96	96	95	94	94	92	91	95%
Large codex (40 entries), short passage (165 words) Tooling Reasoning	98	98	96	93	93	93	93	93	91	91	94%
Small codex (7 entries), long passage (734 words) Tooling Reasoning	100	88	83	83	83	79	79	79	79	79	83%
Small codex (7 entries), short passage (165 words) Tooling Reasoning	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
matrix											93.06%
tiers
5 codex entries Tooling Reasoning	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
10 codex entries Tooling Reasoning	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
20 codex entries Tooling Reasoning	97	97	97	96	92	92	92	92	92	92	94%
40 codex entries Tooling Reasoning	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
tiers											98.51%
95.79%

Data extraction

Extract key details from a given block of text.

Scenario	#1	#2	#3	#4	#5	#6	#7	#8	#9	#10	Total
All valid emails Utility	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Contextual pronoun Utility	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Fruits excluding citrus Utility	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Future event time Reasoning	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Guess the pet Reasoning	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Highest-rated movie Reasoning	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Indirect birth year Reasoning	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
What instrument does Lucy play? Reasoning	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
What's the color of the car? Utility	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
What's the correct time? Reasoning	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0%
Who's the sister? Reasoning	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Who's the tallest? Reasoning	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
91.67%

Dialogue tags

Various tasks related to dialogue tags in text.

Scenario	#1	#2	#3	#4	#5	#6	#7	#8	#9	#10	Total
dialogue-200
Write 200 words with 10% dialogue Rule Following Utility	100	100	100	100	100	100	99	99	93	20	91%
Write 200 words with 50% dialogue Rule Following Utility	100	100	100	100	99	96	67	66	53	52	83%
Write 200 words with 90% dialogue Rule Following Utility	100	100	88	83	83	83	76	76	51	40	78%
dialogue-200											84.12%
dialogue-500
Write 500 words with 30% dialogue Rule Following Utility	25	20	15	15	10	0	0	0	0	0	8%
Write 500 words with 50% dialogue Rule Following Utility	47	12	8	8	6	2	0	0	0	0	8%
Write 500 words with 70% dialogue Rule Following Utility	50	49	22	22	1	0	0	0	0	0	15%
dialogue-500											10.44%
Ungrouped
Write unattributed dialogue Rule Following	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
54.81%

Language Comprehension

Does the model understand more than just English?

Scenario	#1	#2	#3	#4	#5	Total
Asking for directions (Dutch) Language	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Asking for directions (German) Language	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Friend got new kittens (German) Language	100	100	0	0	0	40%
Friend got new kittens (Tagalog) Language	100	100	100	100	100	100%
85.00%

Language Writing

Can the model generate text in different languages?

Scenario	#1	#2	#3	#4	#5	Total
Character dialogue (French) in a story Language	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Character dialogue (German) in a story Language	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Character dialogue (Hindi) in a story Language	100	100	100	59	57	83%
Character dialogue (Italian) in a story Language	100	100	100	100	98	100%
Character dialogue (Spanish) in a story Language	100	100	100	100	100	100%
96.58%

N-Length Sentences

Write sentences with exactly N words

Scenario	#1	#2	#3	#4	#5	#6	#7	#8	#9	#10	Total
Write sentences with 5 words each Utility	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Write sentences with 10 words each Utility	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Write sentences with 20 words each Utility	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
100.00%

Novel outline

Handle questions about the outline of a novel in various formats

Scenario	#1	#2	#3	#4	#5	#6	#7	#8	#9	#10	Total
outline-count
Count acts Utility	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Count chapters Utility	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Count scenes Utility	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
outline-count											100.00%
pov-count
Count point of views for Jack and Olivia Utility	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Count point of views for Jack Harper Utility	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Count point of views for Olivia Utility	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
pov-count											100.00%
100.00%

Text Replacement

Tests deterministic text transformations: renaming characters/locations, expanding contractions, tense rewriting, POV shifts, gender swaps, combined transformations, and word avoidance. Scored by checking each expected change independently.

Scenario	#1	#2	#3	#4	#5	#6	#7	Total
Generic Prompt
Avoid said/asked/replied/answered Text Editing	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Character rename: Elena->Mirabel, Gregor->Aldric Text Editing	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Combined: 3rd person past → 1st person present Text Editing	99	99	99	95	93	90	90	95%
Expand all contractions Text Editing	100	100	100	100	99	99	99	100%
Location rename: market square, outer ring, bridge, northern mines Text Editing	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Multi-character gender swap: Priya(F)->Rohan(M), Mara unchanged Text Editing	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Passive voice → active voice Text Editing Hallucination	98	98	97	97	96	96	96	97%
POV shift: 3rd person to 1st person (Elena's perspective) Text Editing	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Tense rewriting: past to present Text Editing	100	99	99	96	96	91	88	96%
Generic Prompt								98.58%
Specific Prompt
Avoid said/asked/replied/answered Text Editing	100	100	100	89	89	89	89	94%
Character rename: Elena->Mirabel, Gregor->Aldric Text Editing	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Combined: 3rd person past → 1st person present Text Editing	100	99	99	99	99	99	99	99%
Expand all contractions Text Editing	100	100	100	100	99	99	99	100%
Location rename: market square, outer ring, bridge, northern mines Text Editing	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Multi-character gender swap: Priya(F)->Rohan(M), Mara unchanged Text Editing	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Passive voice → active voice Text Editing Hallucination	99	98	97	96	96	96	96	97%
POV shift: 3rd person to 1st person (Elena's perspective) Text Editing	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Tense rewriting: past to present Text Editing	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Specific Prompt								98.88%
98.73%

Tool usage within Novelcrafter

Output messages that are related to tool usage within Novelcrafter

Scenario	#1	#2	#3	#4	#5	#6	#7	#8	#9	#10	Total
Create alternate prose sections Tooling	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
100.00%

Voice/dialogue sheets

Extract dialogue from given text as voice sheets.

Scenario	#1	#2	#3	#4	#5	#6	#7	#8	#9	#10	Total
Multiple speakers Rule Following	100	100	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	20%
Simple Rule Following	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0%
Simple (1-shot) 1-shot Rule Following	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	0	0	0	70%
Simple (5-shot) Few-shot Rule Following	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
Unattributed dialogue Rule Following	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
58.00%

Write N of X

Write exactly N words/sentences/paragraphs...

Scenario	#1	#2	#3	#4	#5	#6	#7	#8	#9	#10	Total
paragraphs
1 paragraph summary Utility	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
3 paragraph summary Utility	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
5 paragraph summary Utility	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
paragraphs											100.00%
sentences
1 sentence summary Utility	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
3 sentence summary Utility	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
10 sentence summary Utility	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
20 sentence summary Utility	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
50 sentence summary Utility	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
sentences											100.00%
words
10 word summary Utility	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
20 word summary Utility	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100%
50 word summary Utility	100	100	100	100	100	100	98	98	98	77	97%
100 word summary Utility	100	100	98	98	98	98	92	92	92	77	95%
200 word summary Utility	100	100	77	54	54	27	27	9	0	0	45%
words											87.36%
95.14%